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Kerr left Manaus in 1979, INPA had gone from having only two to 110 graduated researchers out of 233 research staff, as well as four inhouse graduation programs. He arranged for many of INPAвЂ™s research staff to obtain graduate degrees at the best universities in Brazil and abroad, and attracted many young, bright and enthusiastic researchers from Brazil and all over the world to work at INPA. Kerr was already an internationally renowned scientist, who had worked with Theodosius Dobzhansky, and had lectured in several universities in the US and Brazil. INPA turned the tide when Warwick Estevam Kerr was named as INPAвЂ™s director in 1975, with strong support from the president of CNPq. Sir Ghillean Prance created INPAвЂ™s first graduate course (Tropical Botany) in 1973 (source: New York Botanical Garden and Mercopress). The project was conceived and submitted to CNPq for approval by the prominent British botanist, Sir Ghillean Prance, a long-time director of the Kew Royal Botanic Gardens, who was a visiting research fellow at INPA for several periods in the 1960s and 1980s.

The Graduate Course in Tropical Botany was also one of the first graduate courses in Brazil. The road to what is still INPAвЂ™s location today had to be paved and the cityвЂ™s water supply had to be extended to the new campus.ДЄlso in 1973, the first graduate course for masters and doctoral studies in Amazonia was created at INPA. In 1973, INPA moved from its original buildings in downtown Manaus to new and larger facilities in the northeastern outskirts of the city. In the 1970s, the Museum was administratively linked to INPA, under the coordination of the National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq). The Goeldi Museum was founded in 1866 and is the oldest academic institution in northern Brazil, but suffered badly in the post-rubber boom economic deppression.

In the early years of the 1970s, only two researchers working at INPA held graduate degrees.ДЄ first, but short-lived attempt to promote the qualification of INPAвЂ™s research staff followed in 1971-1973, with the creation of an Intensive Training Program in the Amazon (PIATAM), a joint initiative with the Goeldi Museum of ParГЎ (MPEG). Rodrigues et al (1985) described the first decades of INPAВґs existence in the following sentence: вЂњThe precarious condition of the region at the time offered no incentives for the establishment of professionals therefore the creation of INPA attracted only a few researchers, and most of them returned to their regions of origin soon after.вЂќ Compared with the more developed southern and southeastern regions of Brazil, living conditions and research infrastructure in the Amazon were very poor. INPA was effectively implemented only in 1954, and grew very slowly in the beginning. The in loco establishment of a research institute was part of the governmentвЂ™s strategy to assertain national sovereignity over the huge territory of the Brazilian Amazon, which was they believed was virtually uninhabited, unknown to the more recent European settlers and deeply depressed economically. INPA was created in 1952, ten years before the university, during the second presidency of GetГєlio Vargas.

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In 1967, the state of Amazonas had an economic revival, with the creation of the Free Trade Zone of Manaus, which attracted manufacturing industries, especially in the electronics sector, and turned Manaus into the economic powerhouse of northern Brazil. Higher education only came back to Manaus in 1962, with the foundation of the University of Amazonas (later Federal University of Amazonas вЂ“ UFAM), during the presidency of JoГЈo Goulart. However, it lasted for only 17 years, and was deactivated in 1926, with the steep social and economic decline caused by the end of the rubber boom. In 1909, the first Brazilian institution for higher education was founded in Manaus, the Free School for Higher Education of ManaГіs. It was one of the richest cities in Brazil, the first to be supplied with electricity, and the second to receive piped water, telephones, paved streets and public transport, in the form of electric trams. During the climax of the Amazon Rubber Boom, from 1879 to 1912, the city of Manaus, strategically located at the confluence of the Negro and Amazon Rivers, was known as the вЂњParis of the AmericasвЂќ.

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